Chapter 1 question 3

3. Cortes came to Tenochititlan in 1519 and kidnapped the Aztecs ruler Moctezuma. Then Cortes destroyed all Aztecs religious objects and replaced them with pictures of Virgin Mary. Horrified that the Europeans destroyed their God, the Aztec fight against the intruders. During the process their ruler is killed. Later the Aztecs are infected by the diease the Europeans left behind, Small pox. The Aztecs and the european fight till the whole city is destroyed.When the Cortes first saw the Aztec religious places such as the sacrificial temple the Europeans thought the Aztecs were worshipping Satan, the Devil. So, when cortes was replaces the religious ojects with pictures of Virgin Mary and other Saint he saw nothing wrong because he thought he was doing the right thing by ridding the place of religious objects worshipping satan which was horrific to the Europeans. When Cortes took Moctezuma as a hostage the Aztec might have thought that the European would scarifice him like they did with their captive so they became angry.

Chapter 1 essay Question 2

2. During the 1400's Europe was behind compared to the rest of the world. China during the time was the worlds most complex culture and had the most advance technology for that time. Islamic world was expanding its territories greatly and controlled much of trade during this time, while Europe was just starting explore over seas. Europe was so behind because it suffered from severe disadvatanges. Europe's biggest problem was its location. it was on the Atlantic rim of the Eurasian continent which made access to the Asian trade hard and costly. Another problem was that Europe produced very little that Asian traders wanted so as a result they had to pay with silver and gold, which are nonrenewable and resources and becoming scarce. These disadvatages disappeared after the Crusades and the Renaissance. The crusades opened Europe to the Asian Trade market. They were now able to get spices and silks they long wanted. The Renaissance was the rebirth of art, literature and knowledge in Europe. During this time there were agricultural and architectural advances. Advances in agriculture like and improved plowed increased food production and population. they also devoloped new architectural styles such as the Gothic structure. With the invention of the printing press and movable type information started to circulate more. with the circulation of information came improvement in ship design, navigational equipment and gain information on new maritima and military techniques. With all this new information by the 1500's Europe had armies and fleets that can outsail and outfight anyone.

Chapter 5 Question 4

4. The Signifance of the American Revolution is that the idea of freedom,liberty and basic rights first started in the Americas. The American Revolution is the first incident in history where John Locke's natural rights ideas were actually practiced. The revolution was the first step towards a democratic government. The democratic system that we have now come the continental congress. The delegates after the war used the government they had at present and their ideas to create a new form of government which we use till now. The American Revolution was also an encoragement to other countries to fight for independence. The French were inspired the american revolution which led to the French Revolution. The social system in the colonies was very different then the social system in the colonies and even in other countries. In the American colonies even women had a role in the war. They were nurses and took care farms and family back at home. In the American Colonies even women worked, which was not the case in Britian.

Chapter 5 Question 3

3. The colonies became unified after the Frist Continental Congress. For the first instead of depending on the parliament to change the form of the government the colonists created their own central government. At the Frist Continental Congress all the colonies sent delegates where all of them made decisions together on how to attack Britian. The Congress created an Association in every community to enforce the trade sanction against Britain. Each colony was doing the same thing to attack the British taxation laws. It was not like before 1763 where each colony had it own way. Like Boston and Newyork with boycotts while other colonies created petitions. During the Second Continental Congress, the delegates came together to discuss about their army and choice commanders. The congress made these decisions as a group. No one person made the decisions. They chose the Commanding General and George Washington and his job was to change the undisiplined army into a continental army. The congress created an Olive Branch Petition to end the war and come to a comprime but King Geroge III did not even considered it. Even though the colonist were making decisions as a united Country not all colonies wanted full independence. Mid-Atlantic colonies were still resistance to full independence. During this was when Thomas Paine's Common Sense was released. This pamphelt brought all the colonies to one decision which was that indepences was the only answer.

Chapter 5 Question 2

2. The era of Revolution was mainly based on the colonies paranoia of the losing their liberties and Britain losing control and being in debt. After the War, Britain had a national debt of 130 million pounds. Already Britain was already the most heavily taxed society in the world during this time. unable to just handle the debt, Grenville believed that the colonist should pay for its costs. So in order to just maintain the colonies Grenville passed the various taxation laws. The colonies feared for their liberties because the different taxation were being passed without any representation of the colonies of the colonies. Grenville also brought the soldiers into the colonies instead of protecting the borders. The colonist feared that the soldiers were just there to enforce laws that were unconstitutional instead of protecting them.

Chapter 5 Quetion 1

1. The french and Indian War led to British being in debt. so unable to support the colonies Grenville started to pass laws to raise revenue. If the French and Indian had not occurred then Britain would have never have the issue of raising revenue. Grenville's other reason for imposing the taxes was he feared Britain might lose control of the colonies if they don't assert their authority on the colonies soon. The various taxes upset the colonies because they were never asked to support their own army or asked to help Britain before. They were mostly left alone so the new authority made the colonies feel as if their liberties were being taken away. The American colonies and Britain had very different views on concepts. Colonists believed in a democratic government while Britain didn't. If the taxes were never imposed to raise revenue then these difference would have never been pointed out to the the colonies. During this time Colonies population growth was increasing. The incoming immigrants were not all English so it started creating major cultural differences betweent the colonies and the mother country. So, the concept of the colonies being for like the mother country was falling apart. This population growth had nothing to do with french and Indian War. New Enlightenment ideas of freedom were developing in colonies which led them to question Britian authority. These ideas of Freedom was unrelated to the French and Indian War. The taxes were not only to raise revenue but to force the colonies to trade with only britian. The Proclamation of 1763 was created to keep peace between the natives and colonist so trade can develope between the two.

DBQ responses

1. According to the documents the fundamental causes for the American Revolution seem to be the outrageous taxation and control the British put on the colonies. The colonies just had enough and once they reached their breaking point the revolution was inevitable. The colonist reached their breaking point with the Stamp Act. As said in the Resolution of the Town of Braintree, Mass. about the Stamp Act,"We have called this a burthensome tax, because the duties are so numerous and high...that it would be totally impossible for the people to subsist under it...." The Stamp Act required a Tax on practically everything and the colonist could not bare it. The colonist could not stand the stamp act because it was completely unconstitutional, the tax was added without their consent and the colonist discovered they had no representation in the Parliament (Doc 8). The colonist believed if they had no representation in the colonies then the parliament should not be adding and taxes or acts. The colonist in the end discovered that they could not be under Englands control as stated in Thomas Paine Common Sense, “The injuries and disadvantages we sustain by that connection are without number; and our duty to mankind at large, as well as to ourselves, instruct us to renounce the alliance.”( doc 8)
2. The colonist believed that no one person should control all the power. As said in Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, it is not one person who makes the laws but the people. The constitutional views of the colonists were stated in the Articles of Confederation. In the Articles of Confederation the colonists state how they a want their government should be. The colonist believed that there should be a limited central government with most of the powers given to the states. The colonists believed in more democratic political ideas. They believed that the governed should have a say on how they should be governed. They believed that a distant central government should not have all the power because the colonist cannot play a role in their government if it is so far away that is why the believe the states should have most power because it was close to the people. The states had many powers including the right to tax which the colonist believed was the most powerful right. So, the colonist did not like the fact that the parliament which was very far away had the right to tax the colonies and that they were inflicting this right on the colonies without consulting with them.
3. Colonist from different sections and different social class most likely did not have the same political ideas. Colonists from new England had more liberal views while colonist from the southern colonies had more radical views. The political ideas of the people in America depended on the economic status and values of the different colonies. Some saw colonists as a whole while others saw America as separate colonies. For example Rev. Andrew Burnaby says, “For fire and water are not more heterogeneous than the different colonies in North America.” He sees America separated into many different colonies which are so different from each other that if America becomes its own then there will be war. Thomas Paine on the other hand see America as a united nation. Throughout the pamphlet, Common Sense, he refers to the colonies as one single entity not many different colonies. So, while Burnaby believes the colonists are very different from each other in all aspects, Thomas Paine sees all the colonies having the same ideas and goals.
4. I would classify the colonist grievances somewhere between reasoned and exaggerated. The colonists such as the town of Braintree, Massachusetts supported their arguments with the British common law. “We take it clearly, therefore, to be inconsistent with the spirit of the common law, and of the essential fundamental principle of the British constitution.” (Doc 4) The colonists of Braintree, Massachusetts say that they are disappointed with the stamp Act because it goes against the British constitution. This is a very reasonable explanation for their disappointment in England. In Document 7 Nicholas Cresswell was exaggerating when he said, “…Government is going to make absolute slaves of them.” 1. According to the documents the fundamental causes for the American Revolution seem to be the outrageous taxation and control the British put on the colonies. The colonies just had enough and once they reached their breaking point the revolution was inevitable. The colonist reached their breaking point with the Stamp Act. As said in the Resolution of the Town of Braintree, Mass. about the Stamp Act,"We have called this a burthensome tax, because the duties are so numerous and high...that it would be totally impossible for the people to subsist under it...." The Stamp Act required a Tax on practically everything and the colonist could not bare it. The colonist could not stand the stamp act because it was completely unconstitutional, the tax was added without their consent and the colonist discovered they had no representation in the Parliament (Doc 8). The colonist believed if they had no representation in the colonies then the parliament should not be adding and taxes or acts. The colonist in the end discovered that they could not be under Englands control as stated in Thomas Paine Common Sense, “The injuries and disadvantages we sustain by that connection are without number; and our duty to mankind at large, as well as to ourselves, instruct us to renounce the alliance.”( doc 8)