Chapter 12 Questions

1. The Missouri issue and the panic of 1819 created conflicts and debate between people. The different views of the people developed into the 2 political parties which were the Democrats and the Whigs. The Missouri conflict was over political power. If Missouri is admitted into the Union as a slave state, then the Southern states would get more votes in Senate. That would increase the southern state's influence in the Congress and in presidential elections. The Southern states already held a significant power in the Congress because of the three-fifths rule. Th panic of 1819 just added more to the debates. People blamed the bank for the economic depression.

2. In both elections the 2 main candidates were John Q. Adams and Andrew Jackson. The election of 1824 was not based on political parties, it was based on the policies of the candidates. In the election of 1828 it was less about the policies and more about damaging the other's public reputation. In both the elections, Jackson received the higher popular and electoral vote, but in the election of 1824 non of the candidates exceeded the number of votes dictated by the constitution. The president was selected by the house of Representatives in 1824. In the election 1828, Henry Clay accused Jackson for being a "lawless person". Henry Clay brought Jackson's personal life to the public and showed everyone the flaws of the Jackson's life.

3. Martin Van Buren was a strict follower of the Jeffersonian Republican ideals. Martin Van Buren believed in strict interpretation of the Constitution. He came from a poor family with little education. Just like Buren was able to receive a position in the Senate Democrats believed that anyone should be able to receive a position in government offices regardless of their background. Buren ideas of the government helped with the creation of Democratic party.

4. Jackson was a major symbol of his time. Jackson rose from the common people. He had very little education and was a farmer like many American during that time. Jackson showed that a common man is capable of doing great things. Before Jackson even became president he won the hearts of many Americans. He was war hero of the Revolutionary war and the Battle of New Orleans.

5. The positives of the Jackson's presidency is that during his presidency America for the first time in history payed off all of its debt. Jackson revived the American economy a little by closing the Bank of United States. Also, as long as he was in power, he tried to maintain some peace between the South and the North. The Negatives of the Jackson's presidency was the Spoils system. Jackson fired all well educated and intelligent people from office and replaced them with uneducated random people.

6. Nullification was the idea that states had the right to judge the constitutionality of the actions of the federal government. The Southern states saw the Union as a "voluntary compact between sovereign state." Since it was a voluntary compact the states could break it if they wanted to and the states had the right to nullify any federal law withing state borders. South Carolina use nullification on the Tariff of 1828 and 1832.

7. Jacksonians thought the Bank of United states required too much government involvement in the nation's economy and saw that the Bank led to corruption. Many Americans after the Panic of 1819 saw the Bank as a "monster" and didn't like the idea of paper currency. President Jackson wanted to en the Bank once and for all. When Nicholas Biddle applied for the recharter of the Bank in 1832, Jackson vetoed it. In his veto message, Jackson states that the bank is unconstitutional under the Constitution and stole resources from the south and helped northern and eastern businessmen to prosper. Jackson also stated that the bank helped with the advancement of very few businessmen at the expense of a much bigger population of farmers. it was this veto message which helped Jackson win his reelection by a landslide. During his second term Jackson started to gradually withdraw government from the Bank and depositing them back into private Banks.

8. By transferring government deposits into private banks, distributing surplus revenue to states and the Specie Circular all protected the South and dealt with the Market economy. Government Revenue increased with the Tariff policies and sale of public lands. The deposit Act of 1836 increased the number of banks receiving federal deposits. there federal surpluses were spent on roads, canals, and school. These internal improvement helped progress the Market Revolution. In order to protect the south, Jackson issued the Specie Circular in 1836. This demanded that speculators could only buy public land with silver and gold and it allowed farmers to buy farm plots with banknotes. The Specie Circular brought the flow of Specie back into the South and West.

9. With the creation of the Whigs political party, the second party system developed. The election of 1840 was the completion of the second party system. Whigs were the opposition to the Jacksonian views. The strength of the Whigs party increased after the the election of 1840 because after a long time the Whigs, an opposition political party came to power. The Whigs used the Martin Van Ruin campaign to win the election of 1840

10. There was not much of a role for women and slaves during the Jacksonian democracy. Jackson didn't approve of abolition of slavery. During the Jacksonian Democracy, Native American suffered the most. Jackson didn't believe that Native could live in the same society as the White American. The settler have already started to take the lands of the Native Americans which was given to them by the government in the past. Jackson favored Indian Removal. He shifted all the native population past Mississippi River where he said the native could live freely. Lands past the Mississippi were barren and just the trip going their was harsh. Many Natives died along the way because of hunger and disease.